Abstract The current opioid crisis urgently calls for developing non-addictive pain medications. Progress has been slow. highlighting the need to uncover targets with unique mechanisms of action. Extracellular adenosine alleviates pain by activating the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R). https://www.gymnaziastore.com/product-category/cremas-lubricantes-aceites-de-masaje-gels-2/